Rho Inhibitor I

$0.00

SKU

CT04

Datasheet

MSDS

Amount

1x20 ug (Cat. # CT04-A) + $221.00

5x20 ug (Cat. # CT04-B) + $664.00

20x20 ug (Cat. # CT04-C) + $1,746.00

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Details

Product Uses Include

Inhibit Rho activity within 4h (compared to 24h with siRNA)
Stop Rho pathway signalling
Determine "activator" specificity for Rho pathway
Positive control for Rho Inhibition in cell morphology studies
Positive control for Rho inhibition in cell extract biochemical studies
Inhibit stress fiber formation
Inhibit RhoA, RhoB and RhoC in living cells
Inhibits Rho in all cell types currently tested

Click Here for Detailed Methods

Material
This product consists of highly purified C3 Transferase (Cat. # CT03) covalently linked to a proprietary cell penetrating moiety via a disulfide bond. The cell penetrating moiety allows rapid and efficient transport through the plasma membrane. Once in the cytosol, the cell penetrating moiety is released, thereby allowing C3 Transferase to freely diffuse intracellularly and inactive RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC, but not related GTPases such as Cdc42 or Rac1.

The Exoenzyme C3 Transferase from Clostridium botulinum is commonly used to selectively inactivate the GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC, both in vivo and in vitro. C3 Transferase inhibits Rho proteins by ADP-ribosylation on asparagine 41 in the effector binding domain of the GTPase. A major limitation of C3 Transferase for use in in vivo applications is that this protein is only slightly cell permeable. Consequently, overnight incubations with C3 Transferase at concentrations as high as 100 µg/ml are often necessary to inactivate Rho proteins in cultured cells. Under these conditions, the long incubation period and large amount of C3 Transferase that are required can be disruptive to basic cellular functions and economically burdensome. Cytoskeleton, Inc. has overcome these problems by providing a cell permeable form or C3 Transferase that can efficiently inactivate cellular Rho proteins in as little as 2 h.

CT04 has been used to inactive Rho proteins to an efficiency of 75-95% in fibroblasts, neurons, epithelial, endothelial, and hematopoietic cells as well as other primary and immortalized cell lines (see Table 1 for recommended conditions of use for different cells types).

Table 1. Suggested Conditions for Rho inactivation by Cell Permeable C3 Transferase. The indicated cells were subjected to Rho inactivation assays with CT04. Note: These concentrations were determined in serum free medium. For cells grown in serum containing medium the recommended concentration is four times higher.
Cell Type	Cell Line	Moderate phenotype*	Robust phenotype**
Fibroblast	Swiss 3T3	2.0 µg/ml, 2 h^{(1, 2)}	2.0 µg/ml, 4-6 h^{(1, 2)}
Epithelial	HeLa	0.5 µg/ml, 2 h^{(1, 2)}	0.5 µg/ml, 4-6 h^{(1, 2)}
Epithelial	MDCK	1.0 µg/ml, 2 h^{(1, 2)}	1.0 µg/ml, 4-6 h^{(1, 2)}
Endothelial	HUVEC	1.0 µg/ml, 2 h^{(1, 2)}	1.0 µg/ml, 4-6 h^{(1, 2)}
Hematopoietic	Jurkat	1.0 µg/ml, 2 h⁽²⁾	1.0 µg/ml, 4 h⁽²⁾
Neuronal	Mouse cortex	1.0 µg/ml, 4 h⁽²⁾	1.0 µg/ml, 4-6 h^{(1, 2)}
* A moderate phenotype is characterized by a 10-40% decrease in Rho activity accompanied by stress fiber disruption and a well spread morphology (see Figures 1 and 2). ** A robust phenotype is characterized by a >50% decrease in Rho activity accompanied by a loss of stress fibers, cell body collapse, and protrusion of dendrite-like extensions (see Figures 1 and 2). ¹ Based on morphological assays examining cell shape and the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. ² Based on biochemical data from Rho activity assays.

Purity
The Exoenzyme C3 Transferase from Clostridium botulinum has been produced in a bacterial expression system. The recombinant protein contains six histidine residues at its amino terminus (His tag), has a molecular weight of approximately 24 kDa, and is greater than 90% pure (see Cat. # CT03 for gel purity). To make the purified C3 Transferase protein cell permeable, a proprietary cell penetrating moiety has been linked via a reversible disulfide bond. Cell Permeable Rho Inhibitor is supplied as a white lyophilized powder.

Biological Activity
Cell Permeable Rho Inhibitor (Cat. # CT04) is useful for efficient inactivation of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC in a variety of cultured cells. The reagent inhibits Rho proteins in fibroblasts, neurons, epithelial, endothelial, and hematopoietic cells as well as other primary and immortalized lines. Cells treated with Cell Permeable C3 Transferase can be subjected to any one of a number of assays that indicate a decrease in Rho activity, including focal adhesion or stress fiber (Cat. # BK005) disruption assays and Rho activity assays by G-LISA™ (Cat. # BK124) or pulldown (Cat. # BK036). See Figures 1 and 2 for examples of stress fiber disruption and Rho inactivation demonstrating CT04 biological activity.

Figure 1. Cell permeable Rho inhibitor disrupts stress fibers and can be manipulated to induce either moderate or robust phenotypes. Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts plated on coverslips were untreated (A) or treated with 2.0 µg/ml of CT04 for 2 h (B) or 4 h (C) at 37°C. Cell were then fixed, stained with Rhodamine-labeled Phalloidin (Cat. # BK005), and visualized by flu orescence microscopy. Images were taken at a magnification of 20×. The untreated control cells in A were well spread and stress fibers were present. The cells treated for 2 h in B displayed a Moderate Phenotype, characterized by a loss of stress fibers, cells remaining well spread, and a 10-40% decrease in Rho activity (also see Figure 2). Treatment for 4 h (C) yielded a Robust Phenotype, characterized by a loss of stress fibers, decreased cell spreading, collapse of the cell body, protrusion of dentritic extensions, and a >50% decrease in Rho activity (also see Figure 2).

Figure 2a. CT04 inhibition of Rho activity as measured with the RhoA G-LISA Activation Assay (Cat.# BK124). Serum starved Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were untreated (no CT04) or trea ted with 0.20, 0.50 and 2.0 µg/ml of CT04 for 4h in serum free medium at 37°C, then activated with 100µg/ml calpeptin for 10min. Cells were then lysed and RhoA activity was measured by the RhoA G-LISA Activation Assay (Cat.# BK124). Note: At 2.0 µg/ml CT04 for 4h results in almost complete (90%) inhibition of RhoA activity.

Figure 2b. Cell permeable Rho Inhibitor decreases RhoA activity. Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were untreated (no CT04) or treated with 2.0 µg/ml of CT04 for 2 h (CT04, 2 h) or 4 h (CT04, 4 h) at 37°C. Cells were then lysed and RhoA activity was measured by pulldown assay using the Rho-binding domain of the Rho effector Rhotekin (RhoA Activation Assay Biochem Kit, Cat. # BK036). The pulldowns (active RhoA) and cell extracts (total RhoA) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting with a RhoA specific antibody. The level of RhoA activity in each sample is proportional to the amount of RhoA precipitated in the pulldowns (active RhoA, upper panel).

The concentration of Cell Permeable C3 Transferase required for efficient inactivation of Rho proteins can vary between cell types. In addition, the length of treatment can be manipulated to yield a moderate or robust phenotype (see Figures 1 and 2). For these reasons, the concentration of this reagent and the duration of treatment should be determined by the user. Typically the effective range is between 0.5 and 2.0 µg/ml with incubations times of 2-4 h for a moderate phenotype and 4-6 h for a robust phenotype. Recommended conditions for several cell types are detailed in Table 1.

About

For product Datasheets and MSDSs please click on the PDF links below. For additional information, click on the FAQs tab above or contact our Technical Support department at tservice@cytoskeleton.com

Citations

Author	Title	Journal	Year	Article Link
Vadakumchery, Anila et al.	The Small GTPase RHOA Links SLP65 Activation to PTEN Function in Pre B Cells and Is Essential for the Generation and Survival of Normal and Malignant B Cells	Frontiers in Immunology	2022	ISSN 1664-3224
Kuromiya, Keisuke et al.	Calcium sparks enhance the tissue fluidity within epithelial layers and promote apical extrusion of transformed cells	Cell Reports	2022	ISSN 2211--1247
Hauke, Michael et al.	Active RhoA Exerts an Inhibitory Effect on the Homeostasis and Angiogenic Capacity of Human Endothelial Cells	Journal of the American Heart Association	2022	ISSN 2047-9980
Sakabe, Masahide et al.	Inhibition of β1-AR/Gαs signaling promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation in juvenile mice through activation of RhoAYAP axis	eLife	2022
Caballero, D. et al.	Quantifying protrusions as tumor-specific biophysical predictors of cancer invasion in in vitro tumor micro-spheroid models	In vitro models 2022 1:3	2022	ISSN 2731--3441
Filina, Yuliya et al.	MAP kinases in regulation of NOX activity stimulated through two types of formyl peptide receptors in murine bone marrow granulocytes	Cellular Signalling	2022
Xue, Tan et al.	Effects of Aster B-mediated intracellular accumulation of cholesterol on inflammatory process and myocardial cells in acute myocardial infarction	Hellenic Journal of Cardiology	2022
Skerrett-Byrne, David A. et al.	Global profiling of the proteomic changes associated with the post-testicular maturation of mouse spermatozoa	Cell Reports	2022	ISSN 2211--1247
Lachowski, Dariusz et al.	Substrate Stiffness-Driven Membrane Tension Modulates Vesicular Trafficking via Caveolin-1	ACS Nano	2022	ISSN 1936-086X
Wong, Darren Chen Pei et al.	BNIP-2 Activation of Cellular Contractility Inactivates YAP for H9c2 Cardiomyoblast Differentiation	Advanced Science	2022	ISSN 2198--3844
Leguay, Kévin et al.	Interphase microtubule disassembly is a signaling cue that drives cell rounding at mitotic entry	Journal of Cell Biology	2022	ISSN 1540-8140
Caire, Robin et al.	YAP promotes cell-autonomous immune responses to tackle intracellular Staphylococcus aureus in vitro	Nature Communications 2022 13:1	2022	ISSN 2041--1723
Sharif, Muhammad et al.	Porcine Sapovirus-Induced Tight Junction Dissociation via Activation of the RhoA/ROCK/MLC Signaling Pathway	Journal of Virology	2021	ISSN 0022--538X
Palander, Oliva et al.	Nonredundant roles of DIAPHs in primary ciliogenesis	Journal of Biological Chemistry	2021	ISSN 1083-351X
Bian, Rui et al.	Research paper rac gtpase activating protein 1 promotes gallbladder cancer via binding DNA ligase 3 to reduce apoptosis	International Journal of Biological Sciences	2021	ISSN 1449-2288
Tan, Dandan et al.	RhoA-GTPase Modulates Neurite Outgrowth by Regulating the Expression of Spastin and p60-Katanin	Cells	2020	ISSN 2073-4409
Che, Pulin et al.	Neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein regulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung vascular permeability through the modulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics	FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology	2020	ISSN 1530--6860
Yong, Yu et al.	Regulation of degenerative spheroids after injury	Scientific Reports	2020	ISSN 2045-2322
Palander, Oliva et al.	DIAPH1 regulates ciliogenesis and trafficking in primary cilia	FASEB Journal	2020	ISSN 1530-6860
Kolyvushko, Oleksandr et al.	Equine alphaherpesviruses require activation of the small gtpases rac1 and cdc42 for intracellular transport	Microorganisms	2020	ISSN 2076-2607
Laplagne, Chloé et al.	Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Activation Through Phosphoantigens Can Be Impaired by a RHOB Rerouting in Lung Cancer	Frontiers in Immunology	2020	ISSN 1664-3224
Salgado-Lucio, Monica L. et al.	FAK regulates actin polymerization during sperm capacitation via the ERK2/GEF-H1/RhoA signaling pathway	Journal of Cell Science	2020	ISSN 1477-9137
Rom, Slava et al.	Author Correction: Hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end products disrupt BBB and promote occludin and claudin-5 protein secretion on extracellular microvesicles (Scientific Reports, (2020), 10, 1, (7274), 10.1038/s41598-020-64349-x)	Scientific Reports	2020	ISSN 2045-2322
Xia, Mingyu et al.	Activation of the RhoA-YAP-β-catenin signaling axis promotes the expansion of inner ear progenitor cells in 3D culture	Stem Cells	2020	ISSN 1549-4918
Ramírez-Ramírez, Danelia et al.	Rac1 is necessary for capacitation and acrosome reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa	Journal of cellular biochemistry	2020	ISSN 1097--4644
Lundin, Vanessa et al.	YAP Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Formation in Response to the Biomechanical Forces of Blood Flow	Developmental Cell	2020	ISSN 1878-1551
Kim, Sarah Hyun Ji et al.	Integrin crosstalk allows CD4+ T lymphocytes to continue migrating in the upstream direction after flow	Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro	2019	ISSN 1757-9708
Tocci, Piera et al.	β-arrestin1/YAP/mutant p53 complexes orchestrate the endothelin A receptor signaling in high-grade serous ovarian cancer	Nature Communications	2019	ISSN 2041-1723
Kalappurakkal, Joseph Mathew et al.	Integrin Mechano-chemical Signaling Generates Plasma Membrane Nanodomains that Promote Cell Spreading	Cell	2019	ISSN 1097-4172
Eliazer, Susan et al.	Wnt4 from the Niche Controls the Mechano-Properties and Quiescent State of Muscle Stem Cells	Cell Stem Cell	2019	ISSN 1875-9777
Li, Xu et al.	A positive feedback loop of profilin-1 and RhoA/ROCK1 promotes endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress	Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity	2018	ISSN 1942-0994
Wang, Jinyang et al.	Rho A Regulates Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Human Osteosarcoma MG63 Cell Migration	International journal of molecular sciences	2018	ISSN 1422--0067
Han, Han et al.	Regulation of the Hippo Pathway by Phosphatidic Acid-Mediated Lipid-Protein Interaction	Molecular Cell	2018	ISSN 1097-4164
Soliman, Mahmoud et al.	Rotavirus-Induced Early Activation of the RhoA/ROCK/MLC Signaling Pathway Mediates the Disruption of Tight Junctions in Polarized MDCK Cells	Scientific Reports	2018	ISSN 2045-2322
Herbert, Lindsay M. et al.	RhoA increases ASIC1a plasma membrane localization and calcium influx in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells following chronic hypoxia	American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology	2018	ISSN 1522-1563
Marikawa, Y. et al.	RHOA activity in expanding blastocysts is essential to regulate HIPPO-YAP signaling and to maintain the trophectoderm-specific gene expression program in a ROCK/actin filament-independent manner	Molecular Human Reproduction	2018	ISSN 1460-2407
Sánchez-Martín, David et al.	Effects of DLC1 deficiency on endothelial cell contact growth inhibition and angiosarcoma progression	Journal of the National Cancer Institute	2018	ISSN 1460-2105
Freeman, Spencer A. et al.	Transmembrane Pickets Connect Cyto- and Pericellular Skeletons Forming Barriers to Receptor Engagement	Cell	2018	ISSN 1097-4172
Platet, Nadine et al.	The tumor suppressor CDX2 opposes pro-metastatic biomechanical modifications of colon cancer cells through organization of the actin cytoskeleton	Cancer Letters	2017	ISSN 1872-7980
Yu, Lixia et al.	C-Maf inducing protein inhibits coflin-1 activity and alters podocyte cytoskeleton organization	Molecular Medicine Reports	2017	ISSN 1791-3004
Durgan, Joanne et al.	Mitosis can drive cell cannibalism through entosis	eLife	2017	ISSN 2050-084X
Wu, Mengrui et al.	Gα13 negatively controls osteoclastogenesis through inhibition of the Akt-GSK3β-NFATc1 signalling pathway	Nature Communications	2017	ISSN 2041-1723
Tod, Jo et al.	Pro-migratory and TGF-β-activating functions of αvβ6 integrin in pancreatic cancer are differentially regulated via an Eps8-dependent GTPase switch	Journal of Pathology	2017	ISSN 1096-9896
Prieto, Catalina P. et al.	Netrin-1 acts as a non-canonical angiogenic factor produced by human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSC)	Stem Cell Research and Therapy	2017	ISSN 1757-6512
Lázaro-Diéguez, Francisco et al.	Cell-cell adhesion accounts for the different orientation of columnar and hepatocytic cell divisions	Journal of Cell Biology	2017	ISSN 1540-8140
Hendrick, Janina et al.	The polarity protein Scribble positions DLC3 at adherens junctions to regulate Rho signaling	Journal of Cell Science	2016	ISSN 1477-9137
Rom, Slava et al.	PARP inhibition in leukocytes diminishes inflammation via effects on integrins/cytoskeleton and protects the blood-brain barrier	Journal of Neuroinflammation	2016	ISSN 1742-2094
Alarcon, Vernadeth B. et al.	Statins inhibit blastocyst formation by preventing geranylgeranylation	Molecular Human Reproduction	2016	ISSN 1460-2407
Wagener, Brant M. et al.	Neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein regulates TGF-β1-mediated lung vascular permeability	FASEB Journal	2016	ISSN 1530-6860
Lu, Xuanyu et al.	Ameloblastin, an Extracellular Matrix Protein, Affects Long Bone Growth and Mineralization	Journal of Bone and Mineral Research	2016	ISSN 1523-4681
Slauson, Sarah R. et al.	Viral vector effects on exoenzyme C3 transferase-mediated actin disruption and on outflow facility	Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science	2015	ISSN 1552-5783
Rom, Slava et al.	Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibition in brain endothelium protects the blood-brain barrier under physiologic and neuroinflammatory conditions	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism	2015	ISSN 1559-7016
Tang, Xiao et al.	HCLOCK Causes Rho-Kinase-Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction and NF-κ B-Mediated Inflammatory Responses	Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity	2015	ISSN 1942-0994
Su, Chien Chia et al.	Phenotypes of trypsin- and collagenase-prepared bovine corneal endothelial cells in the presence of a selective rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632	Molecular Vision	2015	ISSN 1090-0535
Li, Shufeng et al.	Microtopographical features generated by photopolymerization recruit RhoA/ROCK through TRPV1 to direct cell and neurite growth	Biomaterials	2015	ISSN 1878-5905
Aifuwa, Ivie et al.	Senescent stromal cells induce cancer cell migration via inhibition of RhoA/ROCK/myosin-based cell contractility	Oncotarget	2015	ISSN 1949-2553
Manukyan, Arkadi et al.	A complex of p190RhoGAP-A and anillin modulates RhoA-GTP and the cytokinetic furrow in human cells	Journal of Cell Science	2015	ISSN 1477-9137
Carey, Shawn P. et al.	Comparative mechanisms of cancer cell migration through 3D matrix and physiological microtracks	American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology	2015	ISSN 1522-1563
Rom, Slava et al.	The dual action of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase -1 (PARP-1) inhibition in HIV-1 infection: HIV-1 ltr inhibition and diminution in Rho GTPase activity	Frontiers in Microbiology	2015	ISSN 1664-302X
Luo, Jixian et al.	8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1-mediated DNA repair is associated with Rho GTPase activation and α-smooth muscle actin polymerization	Free Radical Biology and Medicine	2014	ISSN 1873-4596
Chen, Xiaofei et al.	The TMEFF2 tumor suppressor modulates integrin expression, RhoA activation and migration of prostate cancer cells	Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research	2014	ISSN 1879-2596
Rachner, Tilman D. et al.	Dickkopf-1 is regulated by the mevalonate pathway in breast cancer	Breast Cancer Research	2014	ISSN 1465-5411
Wilhelm, Imola et al.	Role of Rho/ROCK signaling in the interaction of melanoma cells with the blood-brain barrier	Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research	2014	ISSN 1755-1471
Herr, Michael J. et al.	Tetraspanin CD9 regulates cell contraction and actin arrangement via RhoA in human vascular smooth muscle cells	PLoS ONE	2014	ISSN 1932-6203
DiScipio, Richard G. et al.	Complement C3a signaling mediates production of angiogenic factors in mesenchymal stem cells	Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering	2013	ISSN 1937--6871
Rom, Slava et al.	Selective activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 in leukocytes suppresses their engagement of the brain endothelium and protects the blood-brain barrier	American Journal of Pathology	2013	ISSN 0002-9440
Brusés, Juan L.	Cell Surface Localization of α3β4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Is Regulated by N-Cadherin Homotypic Binding and Actomyosin Contractility	PLoS ONE	2013	ISSN 1932-6203
Lin, Yi et al.	Angiopoietin-like 3 induces podocyte f-actin rearrangement through integrin α v β 3 /FAK/PI3K pathway-mediated rac1 Activation	BioMed Research International	2013	ISSN 2314-6133
Sakai, Norihiko et al.	LPA 1-induced cytoskeleton reorganization drives fibrosis through CTGF-dependent fibroblast proliferation	The FASEB Journal • Research Communication FASEB J	2013	Article Link
Kalia, Manjula et al.	Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infects Neuronal Cells through a Clathrin-Independent Endocytic Mechanism	Journal of Virology	2013	ISSN 0022--538X
Huang, Bo et al.	MiRNA-125a-3p is a negative regulator of the RhoA-actomyosin pathway in A549 cells	International Journal of Oncology	2013	ISSN 1019-6439
Gadepalli, Ravisekhar et al.	Novel role for p21-activated kinase 2 in thrombin-induced monocyte migration	Journal of Biological Chemistry	2013	ISSN 0021-9258
Yugawa, Takashi et al.	Noncanonical NOTCH Signaling Limits Self-Renewal of Human Epithelial and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells through ROCK Activation	Molecular and Cellular Biology	2013	ISSN 0270--7306
Shoval, Irit et al.	Antagonistic activities of Rho and Rac GTPases underlie the transition from neural crest delamination to migration	Developmental Dynamics	2012	ISSN 1058-8388
Ponsaerts, Raf et al.	RhoA GTPase switch controls Cx43-hemichannel activity through the contractile system	PLoS ONE	2012	ISSN 1932-6203
Kshitiz et al.	Matrix rigidity controls endothelial differentiation and morphogenesis of cardiac precursors	Science Signaling	2012	ISSN 1945-0877
Ginestier, Christophe et al.	Mevalonate metabolism regulates basal breast cancer stem cells and is a potential therapeutic target	Stem Cells	2012	ISSN 1066-5099
Kim, Min Jung et al.	Inhibition of RhoA but not ROCK induces chondrogenesis of chick limb mesenchymal cells	Biochemical and biophysical research communications	2012	ISSN 1090--2104
Zhu, Ying Ting et al.	Nuclear p120 catenin unlocks mitotic block of contactinhibited human corneal endothelial monolayers without disrupting adherent junctions	Journal of Cell Science	2012	ISSN 0021-9533
Horowitz, Jeffrey C. et al.	Survivin expression induced by endothelin-1 promotes myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis	International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology	2012	ISSN 1357-2725
Chin, Elizabeth et al.	Actin Recruitment to the Chlamydia Inclusion Is Spatiotemporally Regulated by a Mechanism That Requires Host and Bacterial Factors	PLoS ONE	2012	ISSN 1932-6203
Zhang, Weiwei et al.	Self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold enhanced with RhoA inhibitor CT04 improves axonal regrowth in the transected spinal cord	Journal of Nanomaterials	2012	ISSN 1687-4110
Wan, Qingwen et al.	Regulation of myosin activation during cell-cell contact formation by Par3-Lgl antagonism: Entosis without matrix detachment	Molecular Biology of the Cell	2012	ISSN 1059-1524
Balzer, Eric M. et al.	Physical confinement alters tumor cell adhesion and migration phenotypes	FASEB Journal	2012	ISSN 1530-6860
Steward, Robert L. et al.	Mechanical stretch and shear flow induced reorganization and recruitment of fibronectin in fibroblasts	Scientific Reports	2011	ISSN 2045-2322
Fan, Huapeng et al.	Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and CD74 Regulate Macrophage Chemotactic Responses via MAPK and Rho GTPase	The Journal of Immunology	2011	ISSN 0022--1767
Navarro, Angels et al.	Polarized migration of lymphatic endothelial cells is critically dependent on podoplanin regulation of Cdc42	American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology	2011	ISSN 1040-0605
Anderson, Keith R. et al.	The L6 domain tetraspanin Tm4sf4 regulates endocrine pancreas differentiation and directed cell migration	Development	2011	ISSN 0950-1991
Kakudo, Natsuko et al.	Effect of C3 transferase on human adipose-derived stem cells	Human cell	2011	ISSN 1749--0774
Boettcher, Jan Peter et al.	Tyrosine-phosphorylated caveolin-1 blocks bacterial uptake by inducing Vav2-RhoA-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements	PLoS Biology	2010	ISSN 1544-9173
Pattabiraman, Padmanabhan P. et al.	Mechanistic basis of Rho GTPase-induced extracellular matrix synthesis in trabecular meshwork cells	American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology	2010	ISSN 0363-6143
Martinelli, Roberta et al.	ICAM-1-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation via calcium and AMP-activated protein kinase is required for transendothelial lymphocyte migration	Molecular Biology of the Cell	2009	ISSN 1059-1524
Bunda, Severa et al.	Aldosterone stimulates elastogenesis in cardiac fibroblasts via mineralocorticoid receptor-independent action involving the consecutive activation of Gα13, c-Src, the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt	Journal of Biological Chemistry	2009	ISSN 0021-9258
Stirling, Lee et al.	Dual roles for RhoA/Rho-kinase in the regulated trafficking of a voltage-sensitive potassium channel	Molecular Biology of the Cell	2009	ISSN 1059-1524
Kim, Woo Yang et al.	Statins decrease dendritic arborization in rat sympathetic neurons by blocking RhoA activation	Journal of Neurochemistry	2009	ISSN 0022-3042
Kanada, Masamitsu et al.	Novel functions of Ect2 in polar lamellipodia formation and polarity maintenance during "contractile ring-independent" cytokinesis in adherent cells	Molecular Biology of the Cell	2008	ISSN 1059-1524
Navarro, Angels et al.	T1α/podoplanin is essential for capillary morphogenesis in lymphatic endothelial cells	American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology	2008	ISSN 1040-0605
Groysman, Maya et al.	A negative modulatory role for rho and rho-associated kinase signaling in delamination of neural crest cells	Neural Development	2008	ISSN 1749-8104
Kirchner, Marieluise et al.	Inhibition of ROCK activity allows InlF-mediated invasion and increased virulence of Listeria monocytogenes	Molecular Microbiology	2008	ISSN 0950-382X
Rupp, Paul A. et al.	A role for RhoA in the two-phase migratory pattern of post-otic neural crest cells	Developmental Biology	2007	ISSN 0012-1606

Faqs

Question 1: Can the Rho inhibitor CT04 be used with cells growing in culture?

Answer 1: Yes, Cytoskeleton modified the exoenzyme C3 Transferase from Clostridium botulinum to be cell permeable (Cat. # CT04) for the specific purpose of inhibiting Rho in living cells in as little as 2 hours.

The exoenzyme C3 Transferase from Clostridium botulinum is commonly used to selectively inactivate the GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC, both in vivo and in vitro. C3 Transferase inhibits Rho proteins by ADP-ribosylation on asparagine 41 in the effector binding domain of the GTPase. A major limitation of the standard C3 Transferase for use in in vivo applications is that this protein is not cell permeable.

Cytoskeleton’s cell permeable Rho inhibitor consists of highly purified C3 Transferase covalently linked to a proprietary cell penetrating moiety via a disulfide bond. The cell penetrating moiety allows rapid and efficient transport through the plasma membrane. Once in the cytosol, the cell penetrating moiety is released, thereby allowing C3 Transferase to freely diffuse intracellularly and inactive RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC, but not related GTPases such as Cdc42 or Rac1.

Question 2: How can I assess whether Rho activity is changing in my cells following CT04 treatment?

Answer 2: There are multiple ways to measure changes in Rho activity. To visualize a change in Rho activity, we recommend examining Rho-mediated stress fiber formation with fluorescently-labeled phalloidin (Cat. # PHDG1, PHDH1, PHDN1, PHDR1). These Acti-stain phalloidins label F-actin stress fibers. Activation of Rho can be directly quantified with one of our activation assays, either the traditional pull-down (Cat. # BK036) or the RhoA G-LISA activation assay (Cat. # BK124).

If you have any questions concerning this product, please contact our Technical Service department at tservice@cytoskeleton.com.

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